Trichloroethylene-A Review of Its Safety Concerns and Environmental Hazard Levels

Abstract

This review study examines various aspects of trichloroethylene (TCE) from environmental, health, and safety perspectives. This study begins with a review of the history and industrial applications of TCE, including its role as a solvent and intermediate chemical. Then it delves into a scientific examination of its harmful effects on environmental components. In this context, the behavior of TCE in air, surface, groundwater, and soil has been analyzed, highlighting its persistence and mobility as the main environmental challenges. A significant portion of this study is dedicated to the detailed explanation of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of TCE on human health. Additionally, epidemiological evidence and the results of animal studies that associate TCE with an increased risk of various cancers (especially kidney, liver, and lymphatic system cancers), neurological disorders, and immune system damage are presented. Additionally, international and national standards and regulations developed by organizations such as IARC, EPA, WHO, and ACGIH for controlling exposure to this substance have been evaluated. Additionally, this study presents and analyzes various methods for the removal and remediation of TCE-related pollution. These methods include physical, chemical, and biological processes such as advanced oxidation, anaerobic biodegradation, soil vapor extraction, and the application of nanomaterials. Each technique has been discussed in terms of efficiency, limitations, and economic and environmental considerations. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the necessity of gradually reducing usage, implementing effective control policies, and sustainably replacing with alternative materials to ensure the achievement of sustainable development goals and the protection of public health by examining the current status and global outlook of TCE management.