Extraction of essential oil from Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. (Lamiaceae), identification of two active compounds and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance Dracocephalum kotschyi is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine to treat pain, fever, inflammation, and seizures. Aim of the study: Due to the importance of this plant and the well-known antibacterial activity of essential oils, the aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of essential oil and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of its main active compounds. Materials and methods In order to test its possible application at industrial level the oil was extract from the cultivated and wild plants. The epigean parts were collected in June 2018 from the same region of Daran (Isfahan, Iran). The extraction of essential oil was carried out using a Clevenger apparatus. The composition of the essential oil was assayed by using a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy apparatus (GC/MS). Results Results showed that the predominant compounds of essential oil of cultivated plants were α-pinene (13.66%), (E)-citral (12.89%), neral (11.25%), methyl geranate (8.66%), limonene (8.33%), campholenal (6.22%) and geraniol (5.69%), while those found in naturally grown plants were two main compounds: cyclohexylallene (52.63%) and limonene (35.88%). The antimicrobial properties of the plant were determined against 12 strains of microorganism by evaluating inhibition halo, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The highest inhibition halo for both oils from cultivated and wild plants was obtained against Aspergillus brasiliensis. The MIC value against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis was 31.25 μg/ml, it was the lowest value provided by the essential oil obtained from the cultivated sample, the MIC was significantly lower than that obtained by treating the same strain with Rifampin. On the other hand, Candida albicans had the highest sensitivity (MIC value of 31.25 μg/ml) for the essential oil obtained from wild plants as the inhibitory concentration was lower than that obtained treating the yeast with Nystatin. Conclusions Therefore, according to the results of the present study, the use of the essential oil obtained from D. kotschyi can be used to protect food and to treat microbial infections.