Human health risk assessment of 100 medicinal plants: Review of potential risks

Abstract

The present paper is a review of the toxicity and adverse effects of 100 commonly used medicinal plants posing risks to human health. Medicinal plants have been in use for their health benefits for centuries. While many people are aware that some herbs possess poisonous phytochemicals, the full extent of their toxic effects is often underappreciated. This review provides an exhaustive overview of the toxicity of these plants, including species such as saffron, avocado, basil, aloe, and celery, alongside their toxic effects, and potential mechanisms of toxicity. As the use of herbal remedies continues to rise in modern healthcare and self-medication practices, understanding the risks associated with these plants becomes critical for practitioners. This review emphasizes the need for cautious and informed usage to avoid adverse effects and highlights the importance of integrating toxicological knowledge into healthcare decision-making.