A Holistic View on Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review on Iranian Women

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a highly aggressive subtype, accounting for 8.6–14% of breast cancer cases among Iranian women. This review consolidates current evidence regarding TNBC in this demographic, emphasizing its earlier onset, elevated tumor grade, and aggressive histopathological characteristics. Key biomarkers, such as Ki-67, P53, EGFR, and PD-L1, are strongly correlated with disease progression and prognosis, while androgen receptor expression is notably infrequent. Despite the clinical importance of BRCA1/2 mutations, limited access to genetic testing and advanced immunohistochemistry presents significant obstacles to personalized treatment. These findings highlight the urgent necessity for enhanced diagnostic infrastructure, routine genetic screening, and targeted therapeutic strategies. Advancing biomarker-based approaches could facilitate early detection, improve prognostic accuracy, and optimize therapeutic interventions for TNBC in Iranian women.