Effect of Aerobic Training on Homocysteine and Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: A sedentary lifestyle, which is a known risk factor for several diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, is associated with elevated homocysteine levels. Studies have demonstrated that physical training can influence homocysteine levels in the body. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on homocysteine and lipid profiles in adults. Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Scientific Information Database (SID), Noor Mags, and Magiran databases was conducted up to June 2024. The mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through visual inspection of the funnel plot and Egger's test. Results: A total of 19 studies comprising 511 adults were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that aerobic exercise significantly reduced homocysteine levels [SMD=-0.915, 95% CI: -1.427 to -0.403, P=0.001], LDL [SMD=-0.29 mg/dL, 95% CI: -13.555 to -0.900, P=0.001], and total cholesterol (TC) [SMD=-7.390 mg/dL, 95% CI: -13.881 to -0.900, P=0.026], compared to control groups. However, no significant changes were observed in triglycerides (TG) [SMD=-3.418 mg/dL, 95% CI: -9.466 to 2.611, P=0.266] and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [WMD=-1.940 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.920 to 4.799, P=0.184]. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that aerobic exercise in adults is associated with reduced levels of homocysteine, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Therefore, it can be recommended as a practical and non-pharmacological strategy to help prevent cardiovascular disease and diabetes.