An experimental study to measurement viscosity and thermal conductivity of H2O–EG/MWCNT–ZnO–Cu hybrid nanofluid

Abstract

In recent years, with the advancement of nanotechnology, another type of nanofluid (NF) called hybrid nanofluid (HNF) has been welcomed by researchers. This research discusses the production and measurement of viscosity ( μHNF ) and thermal conductivity ( kHNF ) of HNF in the laboratory simultaneously. HNF of H2O–EG/MWCNT–ZnO–Cu is made using two-step method. Also, the effects of temperature (T) and volume fraction (ɸ) on μHNF and kHNF are investigated. The output results are presented for T = 25–50 °C and ɸ= 1.4–3.0%. In addition, the rheological behavior of HNF at different shear rates is analyzed. XRD analysis ensures the surface and structure of ZnO, MWCNT, and Cu nanoparticles (NP). Also, to ensure the HNF stability, zeta potential stability analysis is performed. The findings of this research prove that HNF has bewtonian motion at all T and ɸ. In addition, this research’s two thermophysical parameters are highly dependent on T and ɸ. An increase in T causes an increase in kHNF and decrease inμHNF . This is while increasing ɸ increases μHNF parameters and kHNF . With increasing T, the average intermolecular forces decrease. Finally, it can be concluded that adding ZnO, MWCNT and Cu–H2O and EG-based fluids effectively improves thermal performance (TP).